Adonai  (ah'doe'nigh)
A name traditionally used in place of the four-letter Name of G-d, to avoid pronouncing it unnecessarily or pronouncing it incorrectly or unnecessarily (cf. Exodus 20:7; Deuteronomy 5:11).

Aliyah (ah'lee'ah)
Immigration to Israel. The Hebrew word translated into English means "to go up". Literally in the geographic sense of “ascending” to Jerusalem. Symbolically in the sense of the Israelites “ascending” from slavery (in Egypt) to freedom. A modern-day understanding is two-fold: When a Jewish person emigrates to Israel or when a person is called to the Torah to read.

Bereshit (b'ray'sheet)
Genesis (1st book of the Torah)

Bet Midrash (bait mid'rash)
"House of study" - a school that was usually part of a synagogue.

Chag Sameach (chag sa'may'ach)
Joyous Festival - used as a greeting - i.e., "Happy Holiday(s)

Chanukah (ha'noo'kah)
The eight-day festival (beginning 25 Kislev) commemorating the successful Jewish revolt against the Greek/Syrian occupation of the Land. The word literally means 'dedication.'

Chesed (che'sed)
Kindness, Mercy, Grace (G-d’s covenant committed loyal love – particularly shown in His relationship with Israel).

Erev (e'rev)
Evening. Shabbat and all the festivals start at this time (sundown).

Haftarah (hahf'ta'rah)
A weekly reading selection from the prophets which accompanies the weekly Torah reading.

Haggadah (hag'ga'da)
A book which records the story or “telling” of the Passover observance and serves as the guidebook for the Passover meal and observance (the Passover “Seder,” meaning “order”).

HaShem (hashed)
Literally "The Name". A phrase traditionally used as a substitute for the four-letter Name of G-d, to avoid pronouncing it incorrectly or unnecessarily.

Kabbalat Shabbat (ka'ba'lat sha'bat)
A service welcoming the Sabbath.

Lashon Kodesh (a'shone ko'desh)
Holy tongue (sacred language - i.e., Hebrew).

Lashon Hara (la'shone ha'rah)
"Evil tongue" (defaming or badmouthing).

Mashiach (Moshiach) (ma'she'ach)
Messiah

Midrash or Derash (mid'drash or d'rash)
An interpretation or investigation of Scripture, i.e., Commentary or interpretation.

Mikveh and Tevillah (mik'veh and t'vil'ah)
The ritual bath (mikveh) where an immersion (tevillah) takes place (baptismal and baptism).

Mitzvah (mits'vah)
Literally "commandment" - Has come to be equated with keeping any particular prescribed commandment from Scripture (or Jewish law as interpreted by the Rabbis), or also just doing a simple "good deed".

Mo'adim (mo'ah'deem)
The appointed times outlined in the Torah in Lev. 23. Specific times appointed by G-d, throughout the cycle of the year, for specific purposes. Festivals.

Parashah (pa'rah'sha)
The weekly Torah portion read on shabbat (the Sabbath-day).

Rosh Chodesh (roash cho'desh)
First day of the new Jewish month

Ruach HaKodesh (roo'ach ha'ko'desh)
The Holy Spirit.

Shabbat (sha'bat)
The Sabbath day, referring to Saturday on the Gregorian calendar system (not Sunday).

Shalom (sha'lom)
Peace, wellness, wholeness, hello, goodbye.

Shabbat Shalom! (sha'bat sha'lom)
"A Sabbath of Peace," is the greeting used instead of 'hello' or 'goodbye' on Shabbat.

Shavua Tov! (sha'voo'ah tov)
"Have a good week!"

Shavu'ot (sha'voo'oat)
"Weeks." The name of the festival that is counted from the day of the Omer, when the first sheaf of the barley harvest was brought to the priest during Pesach. Also known as "Pentecost".

Shalom bayit (sha'lom ba'yit)
Peace in the home.

Tanakh (ta'nakh)
An acronym for the Hebrew Bible - the Torah, Nevi'im, and K'tuvim - Torah, Prophets, Writings. The three divisions of the Hebrew Bible.

Teshuvah (t'shoo'vah)
Return, repentance.

Torah (to'rah)
"Teaching" or "instruction". The word used to identify the first five books of the Bible.

Tzedakah (tse'da'kah)
Righteousness; used to describe charitable donations.

Yeshua (y'shu'ah) 

The Hebrew name of the Messiah, meaning "salvation" (the Hebrew behind the name "Joshua" or "Jesus").